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	<title><![CDATA[Grist - Comment Feed for Chad fights charcoal in battle against creeping desert]]></title>
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            <title>Comment #1 by GreyFlcn</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2009 07:20:51 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/1</guid>
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				<p><strong>OMG WE NEED MORE CHARCOAL</strong></p><p>We need to start making a gigantic fungible market for charcoal right away!</p><p>
We can call it "BioChar".</p>
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				<p><strong>OMG WE NEED MORE CHARCOAL</strong></p><p>We need to start making a gigantic fungible market for charcoal right away!</p><p>
We can call it "BioChar".</p>
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            <title>Comment #2 by CattailSteve</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2009 23:42:12 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/2</guid>
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				<p><strong>Chad and Charcoal</strong></p><p>The Lake Chad basin is clogged with an available source of charcoal: Typha Australis (big Cattail) is everywhere. &nbsp;Its clearance is desperately needed. &nbsp;It is the dessication machine that is destroying Africa. &nbsp;Not only can it be made into charcoal for fuel or biochar, the portion that has been grown in clean water and soil is generally edible. &nbsp;There is enough cattail going to waste to feed all of Africa, and what isn't fit for human consumption (it cleans your streams!) can be made into charcoal or ethanol. &nbsp;Hiding underneath it, and needing clearance to restore streams and lakes to functionality, is a reserve of topsoil, quite suitable for remediation projects. Look into this plant as a problem and as a resource. Its control and exploitation will solve many troubles.</p>
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				<p><strong>Chad and Charcoal</strong></p><p>The Lake Chad basin is clogged with an available source of charcoal: Typha Australis (big Cattail) is everywhere. &nbsp;Its clearance is desperately needed. &nbsp;It is the dessication machine that is destroying Africa. &nbsp;Not only can it be made into charcoal for fuel or biochar, the portion that has been grown in clean water and soil is generally edible. &nbsp;There is enough cattail going to waste to feed all of Africa, and what isn't fit for human consumption (it cleans your streams!) can be made into charcoal or ethanol. &nbsp;Hiding underneath it, and needing clearance to restore streams and lakes to functionality, is a reserve of topsoil, quite suitable for remediation projects. Look into this plant as a problem and as a resource. Its control and exploitation will solve many troubles.</p>
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            <title>Comment #3 by amazingdrx</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 01:15:33 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/3</guid>
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				<p><strong>The main reason biochar is a bad idea</strong></p><p>Any biochar climate remediation program will be destroyed by charcoal demand.</p><p>
This situation cries out for waste stream biogas for cooking fuel that backs up solar cooking. &nbsp;When the sun shines cook with the solar, when it's cloudy use biogas from a local or individual biogas system.</p><p>
People use biogas to substitute for wood and oil based cooking fuel in Coasta Rica, as documented here in Grist a few years back, why not spread that carbon preventing method to Africa and the world?</p>
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				<p><strong>The main reason biochar is a bad idea</strong></p><p>Any biochar climate remediation program will be destroyed by charcoal demand.</p><p>
This situation cries out for waste stream biogas for cooking fuel that backs up solar cooking. &nbsp;When the sun shines cook with the solar, when it's cloudy use biogas from a local or individual biogas system.</p><p>
People use biogas to substitute for wood and oil based cooking fuel in Coasta Rica, as documented here in Grist a few years back, why not spread that carbon preventing method to Africa and the world?</p>
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            <title>Comment #4 by GreyFlcn</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 01:39:50 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/4</guid>
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				<p><strong>Lol yes, let's start screwing over Lake Chad<p>What a great idea!<p>
Let's degrade Lake Chad even further!<p>
<a href="http://climateprogress.org/2008/06/20/lake-chad-now-more-like-pond-chad/" rel="nofollow">http://climateprogress.org/2008/06/20/lake-chad-now-more- ...</a></p></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Lol yes, let's start screwing over Lake Chad<p>What a great idea!<p>
Let's degrade Lake Chad even further!<p>
<a href="http://climateprogress.org/2008/06/20/lake-chad-now-more-like-pond-chad/" rel="nofollow">http://climateprogress.org/2008/06/20/lake-chad-now-more- ...</a></p></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #5 by Pangolin</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 02:36:31 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/5</guid>
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				<p><strong>It's the STOVES!!<p>The problem with cooking in the third world is the same problem we have with air quality here in Northern California; our stoves don't burn all the fuel and then waste most of the heat. If the people of Chad were encouraged to purchase subsidized rocket stoves like the <a href="http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves" rel="nofollow">these then they could use 1/3 or less fuel to cook their meals. They could also use fuels like corn stover, cattails, sorghum stalks, acacia and cane that are quick to grow after cutting or are crop residues. <p>
In most of the world the majority of biomass stoves don't do a very good job of efficiently burning fuel. <a href="http://tinyurl.com/bmulog" rel="nofollow">This picture on the BBC website shows a charcoal burner in Chad that is simply a wire basket to place charcoal in. Most of the heat bypasses the cooking pot (tea kettle actually) entirely and provides no benefit. A small rocket stove or <a href="http://journeytoforever.org/edu_hobostove.html" rel="nofollow">kelly kettle would allow these women to heat their water and minimize the risk of burning to themselves and the 10 children they have to care for. &nbsp;There are <a href="http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Chad" rel="nofollow">solar cooker programs in Chad but obviously they aren't universally available.<p>
If the rural people understood the value of biochar in transforming savannah soils they might be able to convert some of that scrub at the edges of the forest to orchard crops. This could help them establish regenerative cropping cycles to replace exploitive use of the landscape. Ultimately, without reducing the fertility rate of women in Chad from 6.25 (wiki) children born to each woman the country is doomed. Exponential population growth will overwhelm the most thrifty use of resources. </p></a></a></a></p></a></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>It's the STOVES!!<p>The problem with cooking in the third world is the same problem we have with air quality here in Northern California; our stoves don't burn all the fuel and then waste most of the heat. If the people of Chad were encouraged to purchase subsidized rocket stoves like the <a href="http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves" rel="nofollow">these then they could use 1/3 or less fuel to cook their meals. They could also use fuels like corn stover, cattails, sorghum stalks, acacia and cane that are quick to grow after cutting or are crop residues. <p>
In most of the world the majority of biomass stoves don't do a very good job of efficiently burning fuel. <a href="http://tinyurl.com/bmulog" rel="nofollow">This picture on the BBC website shows a charcoal burner in Chad that is simply a wire basket to place charcoal in. Most of the heat bypasses the cooking pot (tea kettle actually) entirely and provides no benefit. A small rocket stove or <a href="http://journeytoforever.org/edu_hobostove.html" rel="nofollow">kelly kettle would allow these women to heat their water and minimize the risk of burning to themselves and the 10 children they have to care for. &nbsp;There are <a href="http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Chad" rel="nofollow">solar cooker programs in Chad but obviously they aren't universally available.<p>
If the rural people understood the value of biochar in transforming savannah soils they might be able to convert some of that scrub at the edges of the forest to orchard crops. This could help them establish regenerative cropping cycles to replace exploitive use of the landscape. Ultimately, without reducing the fertility rate of women in Chad from 6.25 (wiki) children born to each woman the country is doomed. Exponential population growth will overwhelm the most thrifty use of resources. </p></a></a></a></p></a></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #6 by Pangolin</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 03:11:30 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/6</guid>
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				<p><strong>Biochar is still the last, best hope...</strong></p><p>Dr. X, this is where I accuse you of not seeing the forest for the trees. You see cut trees and claim that biochar is a bad idea because it might encourage the use of cooking charcoal. As if charcoal cooking somehow needed encouragement. It's used wherever charcoal can be procured despite an almost complete lack of biochar utilization. </p><p>
I think that forests are more about rainfall, soils and nutrient retention. Where rainfall is sufficient and water and nutrients are retained in the soils trees flourish. A tree can't grow on wet rock but it can survive dry seasons if it can tap into a freshwater lens in the soil. Biochar dramatically and permanently (in human terms) improves water percolation in soils, particularly clay soils. </p><p>
I agree with your support of biogas manufacture and utilization where possible. In most of the world we can't get people $20 rocket stoves to replace primitive three-rock fireplaces. How we are supposed to make the jump from fire pits to piped gas is beyond me. Whether that's done with pyrolysis of waste or digestion tanks who pays for it? </p><p>
Finally, biochar, tilled into the soil is likely a longer lasting solution to poor soils than biogas waste. A soil carbon improvement that lasts millenia trumps one that lasts a dozen years at best. The benefit received for feedstock input is simply higher. </p>
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				<p><strong>Biochar is still the last, best hope...</strong></p><p>Dr. X, this is where I accuse you of not seeing the forest for the trees. You see cut trees and claim that biochar is a bad idea because it might encourage the use of cooking charcoal. As if charcoal cooking somehow needed encouragement. It's used wherever charcoal can be procured despite an almost complete lack of biochar utilization. </p><p>
I think that forests are more about rainfall, soils and nutrient retention. Where rainfall is sufficient and water and nutrients are retained in the soils trees flourish. A tree can't grow on wet rock but it can survive dry seasons if it can tap into a freshwater lens in the soil. Biochar dramatically and permanently (in human terms) improves water percolation in soils, particularly clay soils. </p><p>
I agree with your support of biogas manufacture and utilization where possible. In most of the world we can't get people $20 rocket stoves to replace primitive three-rock fireplaces. How we are supposed to make the jump from fire pits to piped gas is beyond me. Whether that's done with pyrolysis of waste or digestion tanks who pays for it? </p><p>
Finally, biochar, tilled into the soil is likely a longer lasting solution to poor soils than biogas waste. A soil carbon improvement that lasts millenia trumps one that lasts a dozen years at best. The benefit received for feedstock input is simply higher. </p>
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            <title>Comment #7 by amazingdrx</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 03:29:50 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/7</guid>
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				<p><strong>Soil carbon improvement</strong></p><p>Biochar increases the rate of biomass breakdown Pang. &nbsp;That doesn't add biomass sequestration, it cancels it.</p><p>
Prairie soil proves the sequestration effect of biomass fertilization. &nbsp;It had built year after year, inch by inch to 20 to 30 foot levels before it was plowed.</p><p>
You need to add biomass and fertlizer to the soil ecosystem to increase it's sequestration levels. &nbsp;Biochar halts them. &nbsp;It burns biomass and fertilizer in it's bacterial colonies feeding on filtered nutrients. &nbsp;It not only does not add biomass to the ecosystem, it helps convert it to GHG. &nbsp;Subtracting biomass sequestration as the study found.</p><p>
How to police black market charcoal diversion from biochar kilns? &nbsp;How are you going to police biochar offset markets once they start bubbling? &nbsp;I smell more derivative trading.</p>
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				<p><strong>Soil carbon improvement</strong></p><p>Biochar increases the rate of biomass breakdown Pang. &nbsp;That doesn't add biomass sequestration, it cancels it.</p><p>
Prairie soil proves the sequestration effect of biomass fertilization. &nbsp;It had built year after year, inch by inch to 20 to 30 foot levels before it was plowed.</p><p>
You need to add biomass and fertlizer to the soil ecosystem to increase it's sequestration levels. &nbsp;Biochar halts them. &nbsp;It burns biomass and fertilizer in it's bacterial colonies feeding on filtered nutrients. &nbsp;It not only does not add biomass to the ecosystem, it helps convert it to GHG. &nbsp;Subtracting biomass sequestration as the study found.</p><p>
How to police black market charcoal diversion from biochar kilns? &nbsp;How are you going to police biochar offset markets once they start bubbling? &nbsp;I smell more derivative trading.</p>
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            <title>Comment #8 by Pangolin</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 05:39:19 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/8</guid>
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				<p><strong>Science is on Biochar's side. <p>There's <a href="http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/biblio" rel="nofollow">this bibliography on the terrapreta.bioenergylists.org website. Those appear to be a preponderance of peer-reviewed papers with evidence that supports the benefits of biochar as carbon sequestration and soil amendment. <p>
Then there's this:<br>
<strong>Use of biochar (charcoal) to replenish soil carbon pools, restore soil fertility and sequester CO2<p>
Submission by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification<br>
4th Session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the<br>
Convention (AWG-LCA 4), Poznan, 1-10 December 2008<br>
Submission containing ideas and proposals on Paragraph 1 of the Bali Action Plan:<br>
Use of biochar (charcoal) to replenish soil carbon pools, restore soil fertility and sequester CO2<p>
Abstract<p>
The world's soils hold more organic carbon than that held by the atmosphere as CO2 and vegetation, yet the role of the soil in capturing and storing carbon dioxide is often one missing information layer in taking into consideration the importance of the land in mitigating climate change. Extraordinary demands are being placed on agricultural systems to produce food, fiber and energy and yet the inevitable changes in the flow of carbon into or out of soils have significant effect on a global scale. Biomass burning and the removal of crop residues reduce carbon in soil and vegetation, which has implications for soil fertility and the global carbon cycle.<br>
The land has an unparalleled capacity to hold carbon and to act as a sink for green house gases making it imperative to focus on activities that enhances rehabilitation, protection and sustainable management of degraded lands. Conventional means to increase soil carbon stocks depend on climate, soil type and site specific management. Over the years, most efforts to manage greenhouse gases have involved planting trees, since the amount of carbon that can be sequestered in this way is substantial. However, the drawback of conventional carbon enrichment is that this carbon-sink option is of limited duration. The associated humus enrichment follows a saturation curve, approaching a new equilibrium level after some 50 to 100 years. The new carbon level drops rapidly again as soon as the required careful management is no longer sustained. (continues <a href="http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/zteinerpoznanbiochar" rel="nofollow">here)<p>
That looks an awful lot like a presentation of a review paper by official scientists. What evidence do you have again? <p>
As far as on-the-ground application; don't pay farmers to apply biochar. Pay people to plant demonstration plots run pyrolisis kilns on the county level and if they can demonstrate that biochar works in local conditions farmers will adapt it. One time applications of biochar beat the heck out of yearly applications of tons of compost and minerals. The people in the Amazon didn't bury millions of tons of charcoal for giggles. It worked well enough to make the effort of creating biochar with stone tools worthwhile and supported large populations in what is now jungle. If the crop improvements shown in earlier tests are consistent over time farmers will use biochar because it works. There should be no need to pay them. <br>
</br></p></p></a></br></p></p></br></br></br></br></p></strong></br></p></a></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Science is on Biochar's side. <p>There's <a href="http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/biblio" rel="nofollow">this bibliography on the terrapreta.bioenergylists.org website. Those appear to be a preponderance of peer-reviewed papers with evidence that supports the benefits of biochar as carbon sequestration and soil amendment. <p>
Then there's this:<br>
<strong>Use of biochar (charcoal) to replenish soil carbon pools, restore soil fertility and sequester CO2<p>
Submission by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification<br>
4th Session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the<br>
Convention (AWG-LCA 4), Poznan, 1-10 December 2008<br>
Submission containing ideas and proposals on Paragraph 1 of the Bali Action Plan:<br>
Use of biochar (charcoal) to replenish soil carbon pools, restore soil fertility and sequester CO2<p>
Abstract<p>
The world's soils hold more organic carbon than that held by the atmosphere as CO2 and vegetation, yet the role of the soil in capturing and storing carbon dioxide is often one missing information layer in taking into consideration the importance of the land in mitigating climate change. Extraordinary demands are being placed on agricultural systems to produce food, fiber and energy and yet the inevitable changes in the flow of carbon into or out of soils have significant effect on a global scale. Biomass burning and the removal of crop residues reduce carbon in soil and vegetation, which has implications for soil fertility and the global carbon cycle.<br>
The land has an unparalleled capacity to hold carbon and to act as a sink for green house gases making it imperative to focus on activities that enhances rehabilitation, protection and sustainable management of degraded lands. Conventional means to increase soil carbon stocks depend on climate, soil type and site specific management. Over the years, most efforts to manage greenhouse gases have involved planting trees, since the amount of carbon that can be sequestered in this way is substantial. However, the drawback of conventional carbon enrichment is that this carbon-sink option is of limited duration. The associated humus enrichment follows a saturation curve, approaching a new equilibrium level after some 50 to 100 years. The new carbon level drops rapidly again as soon as the required careful management is no longer sustained. (continues <a href="http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/zteinerpoznanbiochar" rel="nofollow">here)<p>
That looks an awful lot like a presentation of a review paper by official scientists. What evidence do you have again? <p>
As far as on-the-ground application; don't pay farmers to apply biochar. Pay people to plant demonstration plots run pyrolisis kilns on the county level and if they can demonstrate that biochar works in local conditions farmers will adapt it. One time applications of biochar beat the heck out of yearly applications of tons of compost and minerals. The people in the Amazon didn't bury millions of tons of charcoal for giggles. It worked well enough to make the effort of creating biochar with stone tools worthwhile and supported large populations in what is now jungle. If the crop improvements shown in earlier tests are consistent over time farmers will use biochar because it works. There should be no need to pay them. <br>
</br></p></p></a></br></p></p></br></br></br></br></p></strong></br></p></a></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #9 by Kiara</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:34:07 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/9</guid>
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				<p><strong>Chad forest</strong></p><p>Not knowing the specifics of Chad soil qualities (is it really that poor) I would vote with John Schneider for solar stoves. It seems to me that Chad as well as most of the Southern emisphere (and the rest of the world as well by lowering GHG) would benefit from their use.</p>
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				<p><strong>Chad forest</strong></p><p>Not knowing the specifics of Chad soil qualities (is it really that poor) I would vote with John Schneider for solar stoves. It seems to me that Chad as well as most of the Southern emisphere (and the rest of the world as well by lowering GHG) would benefit from their use.</p>
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            <title>Comment #10 by amazingdrx</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 14:11:27 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/chad-forest/10</guid>
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				<p><strong>Right arm Kiara<p>Here is a great article on <a href="http://gristmill.grist.org/print/2006/3/4/16647/00281?show_comments=yes" rel="nofollow">Grist about a biogas cooking fuel/manure to fertilizer project in Coasta Rica. &nbsp;It's just a big thick plastic bag in a trench with pig manure and other biomass in it and a tube going to a natural gas cooking burner. &nbsp;It's just that simple. &nbsp;<p>
Imagine if a stove were located on the inside of a mud brick wall with a relective funnel going through to the outside. &nbsp;Then several metal reflectors were arranged outside, adjusted manually from time to time, to reflect solar heat through the funnel onto a black pot on the stove surrounded by a reflective enclosure.<p>
Cooking would commence as the solar energy was available, if the sun clouded over, the gas burner underneath the pot could be engaged.<p>
I think this author should go back and help install one of these sort of hybrid stove systems and report on it. &nbsp;Oh Ana where are you? &nbsp;Hehey.</p></p></p></a></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Right arm Kiara<p>Here is a great article on <a href="http://gristmill.grist.org/print/2006/3/4/16647/00281?show_comments=yes" rel="nofollow">Grist about a biogas cooking fuel/manure to fertilizer project in Coasta Rica. &nbsp;It's just a big thick plastic bag in a trench with pig manure and other biomass in it and a tube going to a natural gas cooking burner. &nbsp;It's just that simple. &nbsp;<p>
Imagine if a stove were located on the inside of a mud brick wall with a relective funnel going through to the outside. &nbsp;Then several metal reflectors were arranged outside, adjusted manually from time to time, to reflect solar heat through the funnel onto a black pot on the stove surrounded by a reflective enclosure.<p>
Cooking would commence as the solar energy was available, if the sun clouded over, the gas burner underneath the pot could be engaged.<p>
I think this author should go back and help install one of these sort of hybrid stove systems and report on it. &nbsp;Oh Ana where are you? &nbsp;Hehey.</p></p></p></a></p></strong></p>
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