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	<title><![CDATA[Grist - Comment Feed for Can a &#8216;renewable fuel&#8217; rely on mining a finite resource?]]></title>
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            <title>Comment #1 by LGT</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 09:48:30 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/1</guid>
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				<p><strong>Enough biofuel to cook a planet?<p>It is possible to reduce by up to 80 percent all traveling and transport [and create cleaner, healthier, sustainable lifestyles,] at little or no cost to the standards of comfort and prosperity, with the minimum of intelligent planning. Even more saving could be achieved with large-scale policy transformations. &nbsp;<p>
So what's the problem? <p>
 <br>
Inordinate prevalence of psychopathology caused by exponential growth economy: money fetishism, industrialism, militarism, atomic lifestyles, consumerism, throwaway culture, dysfunctional societies ...<br>
<br>
from "Dynamics of Collapse"<br>
<a href="http://edro.wordpress.com/collapsing-cities/" rel="nofollow">http://edro.wordpress.com/collapsing-cities/<br>
</br></a></br></br></br></br></p></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Enough biofuel to cook a planet?<p>It is possible to reduce by up to 80 percent all traveling and transport [and create cleaner, healthier, sustainable lifestyles,] at little or no cost to the standards of comfort and prosperity, with the minimum of intelligent planning. Even more saving could be achieved with large-scale policy transformations. &nbsp;<p>
So what's the problem? <p>
 <br>
Inordinate prevalence of psychopathology caused by exponential growth economy: money fetishism, industrialism, militarism, atomic lifestyles, consumerism, throwaway culture, dysfunctional societies ...<br>
<br>
from "Dynamics of Collapse"<br>
<a href="http://edro.wordpress.com/collapsing-cities/" rel="nofollow">http://edro.wordpress.com/collapsing-cities/<br>
</br></a></br></br></br></br></p></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #2 by Bart Anderson</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 10:49:36 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/2</guid>
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				<p><strong>Peak phosphorus<p>Thanks for writing about the fertilizer-biofuel connection, Tom. &nbsp;Important stuff. I'm coming to believe that phosophorus is a "sleeper" issue - something that will come back to bite us hard.<p>
Here's a letter I wrote for our local chapter of Master Gardeners about it:<p>
---<br>
Dear Master Gardeners, <p>
Some MGs might find interesting an article that I&#39;ve just co-written on "Peak Phosphorus" and what it means for agriculture. <br>
<a href="http://energybulletin.net/33164.html" rel="nofollow">energybulletin.net/33164.html<p>
Also at The Oil Drum (which has 102 comments) <br>
<a href="http://www.theoildrum.com/node/2882" rel="nofollow">www.theoildrum.com/node/2882 <p>
Background reading (may be easier to start with):<br>
<a href="http://energybulletin.net/28720.html" rel="nofollow">energybulletin.net/28720.html<p>
As we know from our MG training, phosphorus is one of the three macro-nutrients required by plants. Farmers (both organic and non-organic) use the phosphorus from rock phosphates as fertilizer to replenish the amount used up by crops. <p>
The main points of the article are widely accepted: &nbsp;  Phosphates suitable for mining are limited. <br>
Modern agriculture needs large amounts of phosphorus to raise enough food for the world population. <br>
World demand for phosphorus has grown dramatically during the past decades and shows no sign of declining. <br>
There is no substitute for phosphorus. <br>
Phosphate production will probably follow a bell-shaped curve, with the most accessible deposits mined first. <br>
We currently waste a heck of a lot of phosphorus. What is new and controversial in the article is the assertion that we have passed the point of "Peak phosphorus" - the point of maximum production and consumption of phosphorus. This would mean that over time phosphorus will become more difficult to obtain, and more expensive. This would be a major problem for society, since without sufficient supplies of phosphorus we will have difficulty feeding ourselves.<p>
My co-author Patrick D&#233;ry came to the conclusion that we have passed peak phosphorus by running statistical analyses on data from the US Geological Survey (estimates of phosphate reserves and production). The specific dates for peak phosphorus are what are controversial. The fact that we will run out of phospate deposits is not in dispute. At some point, we will inevitably face a phosphorus problem.<p>
Bottom line for Master Gardeners:   Growing food will become much more important than it is now. Our skills and knowledge will be in even greater demand. <br>
 Recycling nutrients, e.g. through composting, will become more important. Expect to hear more about schemes like "urine diversion" and "humanure." . <br>
 If I remember correctly, we in Santa Clara are blessed with soils that are abundant in phosphorus. Perhaps an MG expert can verify. 

<p>Bart<br>
<a href="http://energybulletin.net" rel="nofollow">Energy Bulletin</a></br></p></br></br></p></p></br></br></br></br></br></p></p></a></br></p></a></br></p></a></br></p></br></p></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Peak phosphorus<p>Thanks for writing about the fertilizer-biofuel connection, Tom. &nbsp;Important stuff. I'm coming to believe that phosophorus is a "sleeper" issue - something that will come back to bite us hard.<p>
Here's a letter I wrote for our local chapter of Master Gardeners about it:<p>
---<br>
Dear Master Gardeners, <p>
Some MGs might find interesting an article that I&#39;ve just co-written on "Peak Phosphorus" and what it means for agriculture. <br>
<a href="http://energybulletin.net/33164.html" rel="nofollow">energybulletin.net/33164.html<p>
Also at The Oil Drum (which has 102 comments) <br>
<a href="http://www.theoildrum.com/node/2882" rel="nofollow">www.theoildrum.com/node/2882 <p>
Background reading (may be easier to start with):<br>
<a href="http://energybulletin.net/28720.html" rel="nofollow">energybulletin.net/28720.html<p>
As we know from our MG training, phosphorus is one of the three macro-nutrients required by plants. Farmers (both organic and non-organic) use the phosphorus from rock phosphates as fertilizer to replenish the amount used up by crops. <p>
The main points of the article are widely accepted: &nbsp;  Phosphates suitable for mining are limited. <br>
Modern agriculture needs large amounts of phosphorus to raise enough food for the world population. <br>
World demand for phosphorus has grown dramatically during the past decades and shows no sign of declining. <br>
There is no substitute for phosphorus. <br>
Phosphate production will probably follow a bell-shaped curve, with the most accessible deposits mined first. <br>
We currently waste a heck of a lot of phosphorus. What is new and controversial in the article is the assertion that we have passed the point of "Peak phosphorus" - the point of maximum production and consumption of phosphorus. This would mean that over time phosphorus will become more difficult to obtain, and more expensive. This would be a major problem for society, since without sufficient supplies of phosphorus we will have difficulty feeding ourselves.<p>
My co-author Patrick D&#233;ry came to the conclusion that we have passed peak phosphorus by running statistical analyses on data from the US Geological Survey (estimates of phosphate reserves and production). The specific dates for peak phosphorus are what are controversial. The fact that we will run out of phospate deposits is not in dispute. At some point, we will inevitably face a phosphorus problem.<p>
Bottom line for Master Gardeners:   Growing food will become much more important than it is now. Our skills and knowledge will be in even greater demand. <br>
 Recycling nutrients, e.g. through composting, will become more important. Expect to hear more about schemes like "urine diversion" and "humanure." . <br>
 If I remember correctly, we in Santa Clara are blessed with soils that are abundant in phosphorus. Perhaps an MG expert can verify. 

<p>Bart<br>
<a href="http://energybulletin.net" rel="nofollow">Energy Bulletin</a></br></p></br></br></p></p></br></br></br></br></br></p></p></a></br></p></a></br></p></a></br></p></br></p></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #3 by Erik Hoffner</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 11:58:20 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/3</guid>
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				<p><strong>if we run out of phosphorous...<p>...I suppose some enterprising mining company will offer to hoover it all up from the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, where much of it ends up after washing off of Midwest farm fields and into the Mississippi... 

<p><a href="http://www.orionsociety.org/ogn" rel="nofollow">The Orion Grassroots Network: 1,100+ grassroots groups working for conservation &amp; more
</a></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>if we run out of phosphorous...<p>...I suppose some enterprising mining company will offer to hoover it all up from the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, where much of it ends up after washing off of Midwest farm fields and into the Mississippi... 

<p><a href="http://www.orionsociety.org/ogn" rel="nofollow">The Orion Grassroots Network: 1,100+ grassroots groups working for conservation &amp; more
</a></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #4 by Biodiversivist</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 15:24:40 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/4</guid>
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				<p><strong>I like it. Great talking point<p>Biofuels gets about 6 billion a year, Amtrak about 1. I can remember that.<p>
"Along with flogging Rather than flog biofuels, environmentalists [also] should be pushing for alternatives to the internal-combustion engine -- and for a return to sustainable agriculture."<p>
Taking money away from biofuels is a form of flogging, yes?

<p>In the end, it all comes down to biodiversity. <a href="http://www.poisondarts.net" rel="nofollow">Poison Darts--Protecting the biodiversity of our world</a></p></p></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>I like it. Great talking point<p>Biofuels gets about 6 billion a year, Amtrak about 1. I can remember that.<p>
"Along with flogging Rather than flog biofuels, environmentalists [also] should be pushing for alternatives to the internal-combustion engine -- and for a return to sustainable agriculture."<p>
Taking money away from biofuels is a form of flogging, yes?

<p>In the end, it all comes down to biodiversity. <a href="http://www.poisondarts.net" rel="nofollow">Poison Darts--Protecting the biodiversity of our world</a></p></p></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #5 by 314159265</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 19:42:50 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/5</guid>
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				<p><strong>Does ethanol require phosphorus?</strong></p><p>I forgot the chemistry details, but sure there's no phosphorus in alc. &nbsp;So it should not get lost. &nbsp;Where is the stuff going that's left after ethanol production? &nbsp;Why not simply put it back on the fields?</p>
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				<p><strong>Does ethanol require phosphorus?</strong></p><p>I forgot the chemistry details, but sure there's no phosphorus in alc. &nbsp;So it should not get lost. &nbsp;Where is the stuff going that's left after ethanol production? &nbsp;Why not simply put it back on the fields?</p>
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            <title>Comment #6 by Ron Steenblik</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 20:44:15 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/6</guid>
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				<p><strong>Response to question from 314159265 regarding P<p>Phosphorus is certainly required to grow the corn to produce ethanol. Some of that is absorbed into the plant. Some runs off into waterways.<p>
You are right that EtOH does not contain phosphorus. The phosphorus present in the corn kernels ends up therefore in the major co-product of ethanol production, dried distillers grains (DDG) or distillers grains with solubles (DGS).<p>
This <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/IBC29.pdf" rel="nofollow">article from the Iowa State University Extension Service notes that one researcher has reported that feeding 20 or 40 percent DGS to feedlot cattle increased the amount of phosphorus in their manure by 60 and 120 percent, respectively, compared with feeding the cattle no DGS.<p>
The article itself concludes, however:<p>
In our example diets, feeding a 40 percent DDGS diet, compared [with] a diet with no DDGS, increased manure phosphorus by 42 percent.<p>
Don't ask me to explain the discrepancy between the two results.<p>
P.S.: Great article, Tom!

<p>These are only my personal opinions.</p></p></p></p></p></a></p></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Response to question from 314159265 regarding P<p>Phosphorus is certainly required to grow the corn to produce ethanol. Some of that is absorbed into the plant. Some runs off into waterways.<p>
You are right that EtOH does not contain phosphorus. The phosphorus present in the corn kernels ends up therefore in the major co-product of ethanol production, dried distillers grains (DDG) or distillers grains with solubles (DGS).<p>
This <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/IBC29.pdf" rel="nofollow">article from the Iowa State University Extension Service notes that one researcher has reported that feeding 20 or 40 percent DGS to feedlot cattle increased the amount of phosphorus in their manure by 60 and 120 percent, respectively, compared with feeding the cattle no DGS.<p>
The article itself concludes, however:<p>
In our example diets, feeding a 40 percent DDGS diet, compared [with] a diet with no DDGS, increased manure phosphorus by 42 percent.<p>
Don't ask me to explain the discrepancy between the two results.<p>
P.S.: Great article, Tom!

<p>These are only my personal opinions.</p></p></p></p></p></a></p></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #7 by justlou</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 21:59:11 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/7</guid>
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				<p><strong>Another Prime Point</strong></p><p>on how unsustainable our entire global economic system is. </p><p>
How can we close the nutrient cycles between farm and consumer without massive infrastructure and energy investments assuming we attempt to keep our deeply flawed systems afloat? &nbsp;</p><p>
The more we break elemental cycles, the more we undermine ecological services, the more we have to substitute energy hungry technological services. &nbsp;Ironically, the economy selects for and rewards these substitute technological services while doing little to bolster the ecological services they are intended to replace. &nbsp;Technocracy runs our lives and leaves only bad choices as we paint our civilization further into a corner. &nbsp;</p>
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				<p><strong>Another Prime Point</strong></p><p>on how unsustainable our entire global economic system is. </p><p>
How can we close the nutrient cycles between farm and consumer without massive infrastructure and energy investments assuming we attempt to keep our deeply flawed systems afloat? &nbsp;</p><p>
The more we break elemental cycles, the more we undermine ecological services, the more we have to substitute energy hungry technological services. &nbsp;Ironically, the economy selects for and rewards these substitute technological services while doing little to bolster the ecological services they are intended to replace. &nbsp;Technocracy runs our lives and leaves only bad choices as we paint our civilization further into a corner. &nbsp;</p>
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            <title>Comment #8 by amazingdrx</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 22:28:21 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/8</guid>
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				<p><strong>Did anyone mention?</strong></p><p>The nitrous oxide, 296 times worse than CO2 in GHG effect, that is released by the use of chemical fertilizer? &nbsp;</p><p>
And how chemical fertilizer burned the 20 foot deep natural prairie soil down to inert, toxic, dust bowl ground, releasing millenia of stored carbon in the process.</p><p>
Go with biogas from the waste stream, manure and crop waste, along with clean, easily stored grid backup power it produces organic fertilizer and carbon rich soil amendment. &nbsp;Bolstering the soil ecosystem that stores the CO2 that photosynthesis removes from the atmosphere.

<p>http://amazngdrx.blogharbor.com/blog</p></p>
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				<p><strong>Did anyone mention?</strong></p><p>The nitrous oxide, 296 times worse than CO2 in GHG effect, that is released by the use of chemical fertilizer? &nbsp;</p><p>
And how chemical fertilizer burned the 20 foot deep natural prairie soil down to inert, toxic, dust bowl ground, releasing millenia of stored carbon in the process.</p><p>
Go with biogas from the waste stream, manure and crop waste, along with clean, easily stored grid backup power it produces organic fertilizer and carbon rich soil amendment. &nbsp;Bolstering the soil ecosystem that stores the CO2 that photosynthesis removes from the atmosphere.

<p>http://amazngdrx.blogharbor.com/blog</p></p>
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            <title>Comment #9 by amazingdrx</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 22:36:21 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/9</guid>
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				<p><strong>Ammonia tankers</strong></p><p>Plus this great fuel farming boom to supposedly give US independence from foreign oil (15% of gas guzzling at most could come from domestic ethanol)has run out of ammonia converted from natural gas. &nbsp;So now ammonia tankers are providing it..from russia. &nbsp;Where they convert their natural gas.</p><p>
Independence huh? &nbsp;Have a nice drink of ethanol and dance with that lump of clean coal Barack. &nbsp;Go ahead. &nbsp;You support them both. &nbsp;Hehey.</p><p>
It's not funny, someone ought to sit our next prez down and talk this all over with him, before he makes too many promises that no one should keep. &nbsp;To coal, nuke, and ethanol lobbies.

<p>http://amazngdrx.blogharbor.com/blog</p></p>
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				<p><strong>Ammonia tankers</strong></p><p>Plus this great fuel farming boom to supposedly give US independence from foreign oil (15% of gas guzzling at most could come from domestic ethanol)has run out of ammonia converted from natural gas. &nbsp;So now ammonia tankers are providing it..from russia. &nbsp;Where they convert their natural gas.</p><p>
Independence huh? &nbsp;Have a nice drink of ethanol and dance with that lump of clean coal Barack. &nbsp;Go ahead. &nbsp;You support them both. &nbsp;Hehey.</p><p>
It's not funny, someone ought to sit our next prez down and talk this all over with him, before he makes too many promises that no one should keep. &nbsp;To coal, nuke, and ethanol lobbies.

<p>http://amazngdrx.blogharbor.com/blog</p></p>
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            <title>Comment #10 by Tom Philpott</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 22:52:36 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/10</guid>
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				<p><strong>Couple of notes, changes<p>Thanks for all the great comments. <br>
Biod, I meant "flog" as in "mindlessly promote" (hi, Vinod). But I can see how it was unclear, so I changed it simply to "promote." <p>
Also, Ron Steenblik emailed me the <a href="http://www.globalsubsidies.org/article.php3?id_article=40&amp;var_mode=calcul" rel="nofollow">link" to Global Subsidies Initiative's new reckoning on U.S. biofuel goodies. (I can never find the update; thanks, Ron.) &nbsp;The GSI had previously been figuring annual support at $5.5 billion to $7.3 billion. The new report states: "Under existing policies, the biofuels industry will, in aggregate, benefit from support worth over $ 92 billion within the 2006-2012 time frame." That comes out to about $13 billion/year, so I revised the post to reflect that. The new number makes sense to me, given the "renewable fuel" mandate in the Energy Act. If we reach 15 billion gallons of corn ethanol, that will be $7.5 billion just from the $0.51/gallon blender's credit -- one of many goodies in place for the industry. <br>
Now to the question of phosphate in ethanol that remains in distillers grains. Yes, distillers grains are fed to cows (and hogs and chickens, too, in smaller doses), and the manure is often cycled onto farm fields near feedlots. But feedlot production tends to be concentrated geographically, and manure tends to be overapplied. So there is some recycling, but I'd bet a lot of the phosphate from distillers grain-manure ends up running off and ultimately, as Erik Hoffner reminds us, festering in the Gulf of Mexico, doing no one any good. 

<p><a href="http://grist.org/cgi-bin/search.pl?gristcat=Victual%20Reality&amp;sort=gristdate&amp;reverse=on&amp;archives=yes" rel="nofollow">Victual Reality</a></p></br></a></p></br></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Couple of notes, changes<p>Thanks for all the great comments. <br>
Biod, I meant "flog" as in "mindlessly promote" (hi, Vinod). But I can see how it was unclear, so I changed it simply to "promote." <p>
Also, Ron Steenblik emailed me the <a href="http://www.globalsubsidies.org/article.php3?id_article=40&amp;var_mode=calcul" rel="nofollow">link" to Global Subsidies Initiative's new reckoning on U.S. biofuel goodies. (I can never find the update; thanks, Ron.) &nbsp;The GSI had previously been figuring annual support at $5.5 billion to $7.3 billion. The new report states: "Under existing policies, the biofuels industry will, in aggregate, benefit from support worth over $ 92 billion within the 2006-2012 time frame." That comes out to about $13 billion/year, so I revised the post to reflect that. The new number makes sense to me, given the "renewable fuel" mandate in the Energy Act. If we reach 15 billion gallons of corn ethanol, that will be $7.5 billion just from the $0.51/gallon blender's credit -- one of many goodies in place for the industry. <br>
Now to the question of phosphate in ethanol that remains in distillers grains. Yes, distillers grains are fed to cows (and hogs and chickens, too, in smaller doses), and the manure is often cycled onto farm fields near feedlots. But feedlot production tends to be concentrated geographically, and manure tends to be overapplied. So there is some recycling, but I'd bet a lot of the phosphate from distillers grain-manure ends up running off and ultimately, as Erik Hoffner reminds us, festering in the Gulf of Mexico, doing no one any good. 

<p><a href="http://grist.org/cgi-bin/search.pl?gristcat=Victual%20Reality&amp;sort=gristdate&amp;reverse=on&amp;archives=yes" rel="nofollow">Victual Reality</a></p></br></a></p></br></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #11 by GreyFlcn</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 23:22:43 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/11</guid>
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				<p><strong>Here's another thing to consider<p>Apparently some people think that a way to get around our dependence on synthetic ammonia based fertilizer is that we can just plant "natural" nitrogen fixing plants.<p>
Well, aside from the negative side effect of those plants offgassing N2O. &nbsp;<br>
<a href="http://greyfalcon.net/n2o.png" rel="nofollow">http://greyfalcon.net/n2o.png<p>
The other catch is that apparently as carbon dioxide levels go up, plants are actually less able to use nitrogen that isn't ammonia based.<br>
<a href="http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=5994" rel="nofollow">http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=5 ...<p>
Which essentially means we're going to be more dependent on ammonia fertilizers than ever before.</p></a></br></p></a></br></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Here's another thing to consider<p>Apparently some people think that a way to get around our dependence on synthetic ammonia based fertilizer is that we can just plant "natural" nitrogen fixing plants.<p>
Well, aside from the negative side effect of those plants offgassing N2O. &nbsp;<br>
<a href="http://greyfalcon.net/n2o.png" rel="nofollow">http://greyfalcon.net/n2o.png<p>
The other catch is that apparently as carbon dioxide levels go up, plants are actually less able to use nitrogen that isn't ammonia based.<br>
<a href="http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=5994" rel="nofollow">http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=5 ...<p>
Which essentially means we're going to be more dependent on ammonia fertilizers than ever before.</p></a></br></p></a></br></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #12 by enki</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 23:29:31 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/12</guid>
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				<p><strong>Recycling Phosphorus<p>Here is a link to a paper on recycling the phosphorus in animal waste: <a href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/phosphate-recovery/VanRuiten.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/phosphate ...<p>
I do not like factory farming of animals because I feel animals are sentient beings and deserve to live normal lives even if we do eventually kill them for food. On the other hand the world is what it is and I think that manure can be used more effectively as a resource.<p>
Manure can be processed in a biodigester to produce methane. This methane can be used as fuel to produce electricity. The remaining solids can be used as fertilizer or further processed as described in the paper above.<p>
I grew up in farming and we used manure exclusively for fertilizer and produced great vegetables year after year.

<p><a href="http://www.myspace.com/enki09" rel="nofollow">Mike Johnston



</a></p></p></p></p></a></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Recycling Phosphorus<p>Here is a link to a paper on recycling the phosphorus in animal waste: <a href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/phosphate-recovery/VanRuiten.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/phosphate ...<p>
I do not like factory farming of animals because I feel animals are sentient beings and deserve to live normal lives even if we do eventually kill them for food. On the other hand the world is what it is and I think that manure can be used more effectively as a resource.<p>
Manure can be processed in a biodigester to produce methane. This methane can be used as fuel to produce electricity. The remaining solids can be used as fertilizer or further processed as described in the paper above.<p>
I grew up in farming and we used manure exclusively for fertilizer and produced great vegetables year after year.

<p><a href="http://www.myspace.com/enki09" rel="nofollow">Mike Johnston



</a></p></p></p></p></a></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #13 by spaceshaper</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2008 23:49:31 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/13</guid>
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				<p><strong>Justlou nails it.</strong></p><p>The more we break elemental cycles, the more we undermine ecological services, the more we have to substitute energy hungry technological services. &nbsp;Ironically, the economy selects for and rewards these substitute technological services while doing little to bolster the ecological services they are intended to replace. <br>


<p>The true meaning of life is to plant trees, under whose shade you do not expect to sit.</p></br></p>
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				<p><strong>Justlou nails it.</strong></p><p>The more we break elemental cycles, the more we undermine ecological services, the more we have to substitute energy hungry technological services. &nbsp;Ironically, the economy selects for and rewards these substitute technological services while doing little to bolster the ecological services they are intended to replace. <br>


<p>The true meaning of life is to plant trees, under whose shade you do not expect to sit.</p></br></p>
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            <title>Comment #14 by justlou</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2008 01:21:42 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/14</guid>
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				<p><strong>Phosphorus to Beef</strong></p><p>There are proposals to locate cattle feedlots close to ethanol plants to reduce the transportation and energy costs of moving the dried distillers grains to the feedlots. &nbsp;Some of the phosphorus in cattle manure could be returned to the land to grow more corn. &nbsp;Much of the phosphorus would be consumed by humans and processed in rendering plants so who knows where all that ends up ... </p><p>
But, we need to remind ourselves that feeding grains to cattle is one of the least efficient &nbsp;energy conversions we can make in the food chain and one of the costliest in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. &nbsp;Without citing the source, I read in the press recently that if US consumers would reduce our consumption of meat by just 20% it would be equivalent to all of us switching from sedans like the Camry to the Prius. &nbsp;That is significant, especially considering that the average consumer of meats in the US eats far more than is needed to satisfy dietary requirements. Ironically, putting more corn ethanol in our cars may force this change among many as meat prices escalate. Somebody will probably figure out some way of counting this as an offset and profiting from it. </p>
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				<p><strong>Phosphorus to Beef</strong></p><p>There are proposals to locate cattle feedlots close to ethanol plants to reduce the transportation and energy costs of moving the dried distillers grains to the feedlots. &nbsp;Some of the phosphorus in cattle manure could be returned to the land to grow more corn. &nbsp;Much of the phosphorus would be consumed by humans and processed in rendering plants so who knows where all that ends up ... </p><p>
But, we need to remind ourselves that feeding grains to cattle is one of the least efficient &nbsp;energy conversions we can make in the food chain and one of the costliest in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. &nbsp;Without citing the source, I read in the press recently that if US consumers would reduce our consumption of meat by just 20% it would be equivalent to all of us switching from sedans like the Camry to the Prius. &nbsp;That is significant, especially considering that the average consumer of meats in the US eats far more than is needed to satisfy dietary requirements. Ironically, putting more corn ethanol in our cars may force this change among many as meat prices escalate. Somebody will probably figure out some way of counting this as an offset and profiting from it. </p>
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            <title>Comment #15 by GreyFlcn</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2008 01:47:57 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/15</guid>
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				<p><strong>Lol, speaking of which<p>"Interesting" article over at Alternet.<p>
Who Needs Meat When You've Got Bugs?<br>
<a href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/76948/" rel="nofollow">http://www.alternet.org/environment/76948/</a></br></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Lol, speaking of which<p>"Interesting" article over at Alternet.<p>
Who Needs Meat When You've Got Bugs?<br>
<a href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/76948/" rel="nofollow">http://www.alternet.org/environment/76948/</a></br></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #16 by GreyFlcn</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2008 01:50:51 -0800</pubDate>
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				<p><strong>More realistically though</strong></p><p>Fish is much much less resources than Beef.</p>
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				<p><strong>More realistically though</strong></p><p>Fish is much much less resources than Beef.</p>
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            <title>Comment #17 by Pompey Road</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2008 03:58:05 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/17</guid>
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				<p><strong>Coal and the Fertilizer Problem</strong></p><p>Most people don't know that coal companies use thousands of tons of weapons grade fertilizer and diesel fuel to blast the mountains off in Kentucky and West Virginia. Much cheaper than dynamite. The same type of explosion that was used when they blew up the federal building in Oklahoma only on a massive scale. I have seen blast rock destroy houses from 1/2 mile away. The explosions are so large it cracks the strata and causes well to go dry and in some cases has cracked the strata and allowed natural gas to seep into wells.</p><p>
The main problem is damage to structures due to blasting. The regulations are written so lose you can deflect the ground in a sideways motion up to 1/2 half an inch and still be within the federal guidelines. </p><p>
The whold structure shakes when they blast close and it feels like a small earthquake. Pictures fall from the wall or dishes. Nerve racking and dusty, sometimes clouds of dust raise up from the explosion. Yes they blast right in communities, I live in a hollow 3 miles long and they are going right up the valley following the coal seam. </p><p>
So the fuel and fertilizer consumed in strip mining is another factor to consider aside from MTR and Co2 emmisions. </p><p>
Back on topic I feel the sugar cane used in South America is a better plant for ethanol. It has 7 times the btu of corn and is more comparable to petrol. The kind of sugar cane they grow will grow up to the midpoint of the country if not farther. </p><p>
The use of corn a food and cattle feed staple has caused the cost of these products to offset any future savings derived from alcohol fuel. At this point there is none, the energy it takes to make a gallon of fuel offsets the savings and it gets worse when you factor in how much more corn fuel it takes to equate to a gallon of gas. You do not get the same milage with corn fuel. One of the countries in South America went to sugar cane fuel in 73 and they are energy independent right now. </p><p>
I know with our current appetite for fuel we can not expect to reach that goal with sugar cane but it still seems a more logical fuel sorce than corn. We have a lot of southern states we need to wean of growing tobacco so cane would make a good replacement cash crop. 

<p>The eons of time and nature was good to us down here. It was not until we become civilized that destroying our habitat become fathomable or fashionable.</p></p>
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				<p><strong>Coal and the Fertilizer Problem</strong></p><p>Most people don't know that coal companies use thousands of tons of weapons grade fertilizer and diesel fuel to blast the mountains off in Kentucky and West Virginia. Much cheaper than dynamite. The same type of explosion that was used when they blew up the federal building in Oklahoma only on a massive scale. I have seen blast rock destroy houses from 1/2 mile away. The explosions are so large it cracks the strata and causes well to go dry and in some cases has cracked the strata and allowed natural gas to seep into wells.</p><p>
The main problem is damage to structures due to blasting. The regulations are written so lose you can deflect the ground in a sideways motion up to 1/2 half an inch and still be within the federal guidelines. </p><p>
The whold structure shakes when they blast close and it feels like a small earthquake. Pictures fall from the wall or dishes. Nerve racking and dusty, sometimes clouds of dust raise up from the explosion. Yes they blast right in communities, I live in a hollow 3 miles long and they are going right up the valley following the coal seam. </p><p>
So the fuel and fertilizer consumed in strip mining is another factor to consider aside from MTR and Co2 emmisions. </p><p>
Back on topic I feel the sugar cane used in South America is a better plant for ethanol. It has 7 times the btu of corn and is more comparable to petrol. The kind of sugar cane they grow will grow up to the midpoint of the country if not farther. </p><p>
The use of corn a food and cattle feed staple has caused the cost of these products to offset any future savings derived from alcohol fuel. At this point there is none, the energy it takes to make a gallon of fuel offsets the savings and it gets worse when you factor in how much more corn fuel it takes to equate to a gallon of gas. You do not get the same milage with corn fuel. One of the countries in South America went to sugar cane fuel in 73 and they are energy independent right now. </p><p>
I know with our current appetite for fuel we can not expect to reach that goal with sugar cane but it still seems a more logical fuel sorce than corn. We have a lot of southern states we need to wean of growing tobacco so cane would make a good replacement cash crop. 

<p>The eons of time and nature was good to us down here. It was not until we become civilized that destroying our habitat become fathomable or fashionable.</p></p>
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            <title>Comment #18 by sfj4076</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2008 05:54:27 -0800</pubDate>
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				<p><strong>Developing sustainable sustainable fuels.<p>This is an important factor to pay attention to (along with land use, food vs fuels, ecosystem services, ETC) as we develop new large-scale bio-energy sources. <p>
However, I have been delighted to learn that at least some of the new "cellulosic" bio-energy crops are not substantially fertilizer intensive. In fact, beyond weed control on initial establishment of the crop, some such as giant miscanthus do not require any fertilizer inputs, and are remarkably efficient at nutrient recycling. <p>
Richard Heinberg's third axiom of sustainability is that "To be sustainable, the use of renewable resources must proceed at a rate that is less than or equal to the rate of natural replenishment."<p>
If sustainability is the goal, this is something that all bio-fuels suppliers must aspire to achieve. <p>
This is difficult/impossible to achieve with most current approaches to conventional biofuels, but some of the new second-generation approaches might just work. <p>
I am developing a synthetic fuels plant in Illinois, and as we gradually transition from coal feedstocks to renewables, and if waste sources are not available, the next best bet is cellulosic bio-energy sources. We are applying a thermochemical conversion process, so we do not need any of the nutrient components of the plant. We are looking for BTUs, so low nutritional content in the grasses is not an issue.<p>
Dr. Stephen Long and the University of Illinois at Champaign Urbana is doing the world-leading research on Miscanthus Giganteus. It is a fairly spectacular crop. Extremely high yields, noninvasive, and it recycles the nutrients back down into the rhizome prior to harvest, making it extremely efficient in retaining and efficiently recycling soil nutrients. It is planted once, and then grows for 30 years or more, meaning you don't have to till the soil, and you actually keep the crop in the fields until late winter, providing a much higher level of ecosystem services for wildlife until harvest. <p>
I have personally focused on nitrogen up to now (it requires no nitrogen fertilizers), so I don't know specifically about phosphorus, but my present understanding is that this cellulosic bio-energy crop requires no fertilizer inputs. <p>
You can learn more about it here: <a href="http://miscanthus.uiuc.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://miscanthus.uiuc.edu/ <p>
So I guess what I am saying is that phosphorus is not necessarily the Achilles heel of cellulosic bio-energy. Some approaches to it? Probably. But not all. <p>
As economics allow, and we make the gradual transition over to efficient second-generation biofuels, I believe that with proper research and implementation there is indeed a way to produce substantial quantities of transportation fuels efficiently and cleanly. We are doing it at our plant in Illinois. <p>
I am not necessarily arguing a technofix here. Can we match our current consumption rates sustainably? Probably not. So efficiency and reducing our society's energy intensity will be a critical parallel initiative, but if we put our energy to it and work together, we can still meet the economy's needs without compromising the environment. <p>
Best Regards, <br>
Stephen Johnson<br>
President<br>
American Clean Coal Fuels</br></br></br></p></p></p></p></a></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Developing sustainable sustainable fuels.<p>This is an important factor to pay attention to (along with land use, food vs fuels, ecosystem services, ETC) as we develop new large-scale bio-energy sources. <p>
However, I have been delighted to learn that at least some of the new "cellulosic" bio-energy crops are not substantially fertilizer intensive. In fact, beyond weed control on initial establishment of the crop, some such as giant miscanthus do not require any fertilizer inputs, and are remarkably efficient at nutrient recycling. <p>
Richard Heinberg's third axiom of sustainability is that "To be sustainable, the use of renewable resources must proceed at a rate that is less than or equal to the rate of natural replenishment."<p>
If sustainability is the goal, this is something that all bio-fuels suppliers must aspire to achieve. <p>
This is difficult/impossible to achieve with most current approaches to conventional biofuels, but some of the new second-generation approaches might just work. <p>
I am developing a synthetic fuels plant in Illinois, and as we gradually transition from coal feedstocks to renewables, and if waste sources are not available, the next best bet is cellulosic bio-energy sources. We are applying a thermochemical conversion process, so we do not need any of the nutrient components of the plant. We are looking for BTUs, so low nutritional content in the grasses is not an issue.<p>
Dr. Stephen Long and the University of Illinois at Champaign Urbana is doing the world-leading research on Miscanthus Giganteus. It is a fairly spectacular crop. Extremely high yields, noninvasive, and it recycles the nutrients back down into the rhizome prior to harvest, making it extremely efficient in retaining and efficiently recycling soil nutrients. It is planted once, and then grows for 30 years or more, meaning you don't have to till the soil, and you actually keep the crop in the fields until late winter, providing a much higher level of ecosystem services for wildlife until harvest. <p>
I have personally focused on nitrogen up to now (it requires no nitrogen fertilizers), so I don't know specifically about phosphorus, but my present understanding is that this cellulosic bio-energy crop requires no fertilizer inputs. <p>
You can learn more about it here: <a href="http://miscanthus.uiuc.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://miscanthus.uiuc.edu/ <p>
So I guess what I am saying is that phosphorus is not necessarily the Achilles heel of cellulosic bio-energy. Some approaches to it? Probably. But not all. <p>
As economics allow, and we make the gradual transition over to efficient second-generation biofuels, I believe that with proper research and implementation there is indeed a way to produce substantial quantities of transportation fuels efficiently and cleanly. We are doing it at our plant in Illinois. <p>
I am not necessarily arguing a technofix here. Can we match our current consumption rates sustainably? Probably not. So efficiency and reducing our society's energy intensity will be a critical parallel initiative, but if we put our energy to it and work together, we can still meet the economy's needs without compromising the environment. <p>
Best Regards, <br>
Stephen Johnson<br>
President<br>
American Clean Coal Fuels</br></br></br></p></p></p></p></a></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></strong></p>
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            <title>Comment #19 by LGT</title>
			<link>http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/</link>
			<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 23:58:09 -0800</pubDate>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.grist.org/article/biofuels-and-the-fertilizer-problem/19</guid>
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				<p><strong>Water or Biofuel?<p>It takes 9,000 liters of water to produce one liter of biodiesel. &nbsp;Nestle SA Chief Executive, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Davos, January 2008 speech. <p>
<a href="http://edro.wordpress.com/2008/02/05/drying-aquifers-sinking-cities/" rel="nofollow">http://edro.wordpress.com/2008/02/05/drying-aquifers-sink ...</a></p></p></strong></p>
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				<p><strong>Water or Biofuel?<p>It takes 9,000 liters of water to produce one liter of biodiesel. &nbsp;Nestle SA Chief Executive, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Davos, January 2008 speech. <p>
<a href="http://edro.wordpress.com/2008/02/05/drying-aquifers-sinking-cities/" rel="nofollow">http://edro.wordpress.com/2008/02/05/drying-aquifers-sink ...</a></p></p></strong></p>
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