As I have not read the book myself I can only go off the passages you have quoted.

Dr. Greenspans arguements about technology, higher carbon prices, and lower output aren't necessarily contradictory.  Raising the price of energy without finding new technologies to increase efficiency and counteract the higher prices will lower output and cost jobs and GDP growth.  But higher prices will spur the innovation to find new technologies, just like you mentioned (in part I) happened in the late 70's with gasoline prices and fuel efficiency.  These aren't mutually exclusive, in fact it is likely that both will happen if we raise the price of emissions.

Any development period longer than one election cycle will be "too protracted for political comfort", so that is irrelevant.  It doesn't seem to me in these passages that Greenspan is arguing that we shouldn't raise the prices of emission simply because it would cost jobs, he is pointing it out to show why we lack the political will to do so.  Many of Greenspan's interest rate increases earlier this decade cost jobs because of slowed growth, but he was obviously alright with those.  It doesn't seem to me that Greenspan pointing out that something will hurt the economy in the short term is the same thing as him arguing we shouldn't do it, as evidenced by many of his actions as Federal Reserve Chairman.